【How 용법 총정리 Part. 1】

【How 용법 총정리 Part. 1】

아무리 열심히 노력해도, 나는 일본어를 너무 못해 (suck). I mean, 내 일본어 실력이 어떻게 늘긴 늘까?(내 일본어 실력이 과연 늘긴 늘까?)
No matter how hard I try, I suck at Japanese. I mean, how am I EVER gonna get better at this?

[영어]
※ How
★ 1)-for what reason; why?
★ 2)-You use how in expressions such as 'How can you...' and 'How could you...' to indicate that you disapprove of what someone has done or that you find it hard to believe.

e.g.) 
How is it that you are always behind time?: 자네가 늘 지각하는 것은 무슨 이유인가?
How is it that you missed the appointment?: 왜 약속에 안 왔니?
How did you happen to move here?
How did you come to sell your house?: 왜 집을 팔게 되었느냐?

 

How can you talk such nonsense?
How can you tell him such awful lies? 
How could such a writer be taken seriously? 
How could he be so indiscreet? 
How would I know if it's going to rain or t?
“Is it going to rain?” “How should/would I know?” [=I don't know]

【참고】 태뽕이의 원어민 포럼 질문글

<1> ell.stackexchange.com/questions/270908/rhetorical-question-the-meaning-of-how-how-am-i-ever-gonna-get-better-at-thi/270909?noredirect=1#comment505175_270909

<2> forum.wordreference.com/threads/how-is-it-that.2026664/

 

 

♣ how come: "come" means "come to pass = happen".
1)-used to ask how or why something has happened;
-used to ask someone why or how something happened;
e.g.) 
So how come you missed the train?
"We had to stop in Birmingham." "How come?"
How come you’ve ended up here?
‘Last I heard, she was teaching in Mexico.’ ‘How come?’

2)-used to ask about the reason for something:
-informal.. used to ask why something has happened or why a particular situation exists, especially when you are surprised by it
e.g.) 
So how come you got an invitation and not me?
"I don't think I'll be able to go swimming tomorrow." "How come?"

 

 

♣ How is it that S V = Why
① I suppose you can think of 'how is it that X' as being a shorthand version of 'how can one explain the case that X'.
e.g.)
How is it that he isn't here yet? means How can you explain that case that he isn't here yet?
【참고】 How is it (that) S V = Why 라는 의미 & How come S V = Why 라는 의미

참조한 원어민 포럼 - forum.wordreference.com/threads/how-is-it-that.2026664/

 

② This form of question, How is it that ...? implies that the speaker is finding something hard to believe or difficult to comprehend:
e.g.) 
How is it that the ship ran aground if its navigational systems were functioning properly?
If you are not the art thief, how is it that the missing paintings ended up in the trunk of your car?

The facts would suggest otherwise. The How-is-it form of question is asked in light of something already known, something which has already happened.
【참고】 How is it (that) S V의 뉘앙스
참조한 원어민 포럼 - ell.stackexchange.com/questions/55679/do-how-is-it-that-and-how-mean-the-same-thing

 

 

♣ How can S V ~?   VS   How could S V ~?
How can you ~?의 문장은 어떻게 (how) 어떤 것을 할 수 있는지 (can) 물어보는 문장입니다.
대체적으로 어떤 방법을 묻거나 상대방이 어떻게 특정한 행동을 할 수 있는지 놀라거나 신기해 할 때 쓰는 표현이지요.

How could you ~?의 문장은 단순히 How can you ~?의 과거형이 아닙니다.
"대체 어떻게 그럴 수 있어?"라고 따지는 것입니다.
이는 어떤 방법을 묻는 것이 아니라 어떻게 그런 행동을 할 수 있느냐는 추궁에 가깝습니다. 
또한 수사의문문 용법 중 하나.

How can you ~? 는 어떻게 할 수 있는지 묻는 수단과 방법의 의미일 때, 
과거형 표현은; 
How were you able to ~? 혹은 How did you ~? 혹은 How did you manage to ~? 정도로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있습니다.

 

 

♣ how comes it ~?
【참고】 how comes it는 Old English 표현
참조한 원어민 포럼 - english.stackexchange.com/questions/186312/how-comes-it-or-how-come-is-it

 

 

 

※ [한국어] 어떻게.
• 어떻게: 수사 의문문에 쓰여, ‘도무지 그럴 수 없음’을 강조하여 이르는 말.
e.g.) 
자네가 나에게 어떻게 이럴 수 있나?